Уроки русского языка для иностранцев - Russian language for foreign students

Вводный курс фонетики - Introductory phonetics course

Русский алфавит - The Russian alphabet

Русские звуки и буквы - Russian sounds and letters

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, but there are more sounds than letters in Russian. As in any other language, sounds in Russian fall into vowels and consonants. The difference between them lies in articulation. In the pronunciation of vowels the outgoing air passes freely through the mouth cavity, which acts only as a resonator, in the pronunciation of consonants the outgoing air meets with various obstacles formed in the mouth cavity.

In Russian the stress falls on any syllable in the word. The meaning of the word depends on what syllable the stress is made. The stressed syllable is longer and is articulated more tensely than the unstressed ones. In unstressed syllables the vowels undergo reduction and are shorter while the vowels [a], [o] and [э] change their timbre. There are two degrees of reduction in Russian: the first degree - the first pretonic syllable and in the absolute beginning of a word - and the second degree - in the other pretonic and the post-tonic syllables.

The following tables include main information about reading the Russiar vowels, which have semantic value.

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